REVIEW: STUDI KANDUNGAN FITOKIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI TAKOKAK (Solanum torvum SW.)

Ida Ayu Wiryani; Ni Nyoman Ayu Sri Sinta Devi; Meylana Ayu  Melinda; Ni Putu Eka Leliqia

doi:10.26874/kjif.v8i2.644

Penulis

Ida Ayu Wiryani Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Udayana, Jimbaran-Bali
Ni Nyoman Ayu Sri Sinta Devi Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Udayana, Jimbaran-Bali
Meylana Ayu Melinda Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Udayana, Jimbaran-Bali
Ni Putu Eka Leliqia Program Studi Farmasi Fakultas MIPA Universitas Udayana, Jimbaran-Bali

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26874/kjif.v8i2.644

Abstrak

Takokak (Solanum torvum Sw.) merupakan tanaman yang banyak digunakan sebagai pengobatan tradisional untuk menyembuhkan berbagai penyakit, salah satunya dikaitkan dengan efeknya untuk mengobati infeksi karena bakteri. Penulisan artikel ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan informasi terkait kandungan kimia dalam S. torvum dan potensinya sebagai antibakteri. Penyusunan artikel ini menggunakan metode literature review terhadap artikel yang telah terpublikasi baik di jurnal ilmiah nasional maupun internasional. Hasil: Daun, batang, buah, dan bunga S. torvum diketahui mengandung beberapa golongan metabolit primer dan sekunder yaitu karbohidrat, protein, flavonoid, alkaloid, glikosida, saponin, tanin, triterpenoid, dan steroid. Akar S. torvum diketahui mengandung jurubine. S. torvum juga mengandung beberapa mineral makro dan mikro diantaranya sulfur, kalsium, magnesium, besi, klorin, fosfor dan natrium. S. torvum mampu menghambat pertumbuhan berbagai bakteri Gram positif dan negatif yang telah terbukti melalui pengujian secara in vitro dengan menggunakan metode dilusi dan difusi. Kesimpulan: Daun, batang, buah, bunga dan akar. S. torvum memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri. Senyawa yang terkandung di dalam S. torvum diduga berperan terhadap aktivitas antibakterinya. Metabolit sekunder yang diduga memiliki efek antibakteri yaitu alkaloid, flavonoid, glikosida, saponin, tanin, triterpenoid, dan steroid.

Kata kunci: Antibakteri, kandungan fitokimia, solanum torvum, takokak

ABSTRACT

Takokak (Solanum torvum Sw.) is a plant that is widely used in traditional medicine to cure various diseases, one of which is associated with its effect on treating bacterial infections. The article aimed to provide information regarding the phytochemical content of S. torvum and its potential as an antibacterial agent. The preparation of this article used the literature review of articles that have been published in both national and international scientific journals. Results: The leaves, stems, fruits, and flowers of S. torvum contained several classes of primary and secondary metabolites, namely carbohydrates, proteins, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroids. The root of S. torvum was known to contain jurubine. S. torvum also contained several macro and micro minerals including sulfur, calcium, magnesium, iron, chlorine, phosphorus, and sodium. S. torvum was able to inhibit the growth of various Gram-positive and negative bacteria which have been proven through in vitro testing with dilution and diffusion methods. Conclusion: Leaves, stems, fruit, flowers, and roots S. torvum had antibacterial activities. The compounds contained in S. torvum are thought to have a role in its antibacterial activities. Secondary metabolites that are thought to have antibacterial effects namely flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, triterpenoids, and steroids.

Keywords: Antibacterial, phytochemical content, solanum torvum, takokak.

Referensi

Acharyya, S & Babli, K, 2018, Antimicrobial and Analgesic Activity of Solanum torvum, The Saudi Journal of Life Sciences, 3 (6), 459-464.

Aligiannis, N, Kalpotzakis, E, Mitaku, S & Chinou, IB, 2001,Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of the Essential Oils of Two Origanum Species, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40, 4168-4170.

Anwar, UH, Nuri & Nancy, DY, 2017, Identifikasi Komponen Antibakteri Pada Ekstrak Buah Takokak Menggunakan Kromatografi Lapis Tipis, Jurnal Mutu Pangan, 4 (2), 59-64.

Balachandran, C, Veeramuthu, D, Naif, AA-D, Balakrishna, K, Nitin, PK, Vikrant, SR, Inshad, AK & Savarimuthu, I, 2012, Antimicrobial and Antimycobacterial Activities of Methyl Caffeate Isolated from Solanum torvum Swartz. Fruit, Indian Journal of Microbiology, 52 (4), 676-681.

Bari, MA, Islam, W, Khan, AR & Mandal, A, 2010, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Solanum torvum (Solanaceae), International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 12 (3), 386-390.

Begam, UAK & Senthil, KR, 2015, Phytochemical Evaluation of Different Solvent Extracts of a Traditional Medicinal Plant, World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 4 (3), 793-801.

Bhagyashree, M & Chandra, J, 2012, Efficacy of Solanum torvum (Berries) on Carrageenan Induced Rat Paw Edema Model an In-Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Study, International Research Journal Of Pharmacy, 3 (1), 232-234.

Hasdiana F, Kuswarini S, Koendhari EB. 2012, Antibacterial Activity of Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa Bilimbi Linn) Extract on Salmonella Typhi Growth. Folia Medica Indonesiana, 48 (4), 144-149.

Hidayati, D & Nofianti, T, 2014, Penelusuran Potensi Antifertilitas Buah Takokak (Solanum torvum Swartz) melalui Skrining Fitokimia dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Siklus Estrus Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus), Jurnal Kesehatan Bakti Tunas Husada, 11 (1), 94-103.

Jaabir, MSM, Vigneshwaran, R, Hassan T, Kumar, SS, 2010, Study on The Antimicrobial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of The Fruits of Solanum Torvum and Its Phytochemical Analysis by GC-MS, Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 3 (1), 117-121.

Joseph, N.K, Toty, AA, Irie, BJS, Konan, KF, Guessend, N & Abo, KJC, 2019, Antibacterial Properties of an Aqueous Extract of Solanum torvum (Solanaceae) on a Few Multidrug Resistant Bacterial Strains to Common Antibiotics, American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 54 (1), 137-146.

Kalita, L, Biswajit D, Uttam, B, Juman, D & Suvakanta, D, 2017, Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity Ethanolic Extracts of Dried Fruits of Solanum Torvum (Family-Solanaceae), International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 9 (3), 123-126.

Kannan, M, Dheeba, B, Gurudevi, S & Ranjit, AJAS, 2012, Phytochemical, Antibacterial and Antioxident Studies on Medicinal Plant Solanum torvun, Journal of Pharmacy Research, 5 (5), 2418-2421.

Koomson, DA, Kwakye, BD, Darkwah, WK, Odum, B, Asante, M & Aidoo, G 2018, Phytochemical Constituents, Total Saponins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Vitamin C Contents of Ethanol Extracts of five Solanum torvum Fruits, Pharmacogn Journal, 10 (5), 946-950.

Kumar, RSAS, Raja, NK, Vijay, M, Raja, CSG, 2016, AntiOxidant, Anti-Diabetic, Antimicrobial and Hemolytic Activity of Solanum Torvum and Solanum Trilobatum, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 8 (8), 725-728.

Lajira, MM & Ehrich INL, 2019, ‘Uji Antibakteri Ekstrak Buah Takokak (Solanum torvum Swartz) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Propionibacterium acnes’, BioLink: Jurnal Biologi Lingkungan, Industri dan Kesehatan, 6 (1), 73-79.

Lalitha, V, Raveesha, KA, B, Kiran, 2010,Antimicrobial Activity of Solanum torvum Swart. Against Important Seed Borne Pathogens of Paddy, Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment, 1 (2), 160-164.

Lely, N, 2016, Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Daun Rimbang (Solanum torvum Swartz) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aures, Escherichia coli dan Jamur Candida albicans, Jurnal Ilmiah Bakti Farmasi, 1 (2), 55-58.

Mentari, 2016, Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Kulit Buah Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape) Terhadap Bakteri Sthapylococcus Aureus dan Escherichia Coli, Skripsi, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar.

Nguta, JM, Opong, RA, Alexander KN, Dorothy, YM, Phylilis GA, Issac O & Abena KT, 2016, Antimycobacterial and cytotoxic activity of selected medicinal plant extracts, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 182, 10-15.

Nithyadevi, J & Sivakumar, R, 2015, Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS, FT-IR Analysis of Methanolic Extract Leaves of Solanum torvum Sw., International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences, 3 (9), 61-66.

Obiang, SC, Rick, LNMM, Guy, RNA, Joseph, PO, Louis, COE & Edouard, NE, 2019, Phytochemical Analyses, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Stem Bark Extracts of Distemonanthus benthamianus H. Baill. and Fruit Extracts of Solanum torvum Sw. From Gabon, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 9 (5), 209-216.

Ratnawati, J, Riyanti, S & Fitriani, H, 2013, Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Daun Takokak (Solanum torvum Swartz) secara In Vitro dengan Metode DPPH (1,1 difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil Antioxidant Activity of The Takokak Leaf (Solanum torvum Swartz) by DPPH (1,1 diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) In Vitro Method, Jurnal Penyakit Tidak Menular Indonesia, 6 (2), 105-109.

Rokhmawati, A., Ahmad G & dan Dwi WAF, 2014, Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Buah Takokak (Solanum torvum Swartz) terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans, Artikel Ilmiah Hasil Penelitian Mahasiswa, 1-7.

Sabarinath, C, Sudhakar, P & Shanmuganath, C, 2018, Phytochemical and Antibacterial Screening on Leaves of Solanum Torvum, Asian Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 9 (3), 130-132.

Sirait, N, & Balittro 2009, Terong Cepok (Solanum torvum) Herba yang Berkhasiat sebagai Obat. Warta Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Industri, 5 (3), 10-12.

Sivapriya, M, Dinesha, R, Harsha, R, Gowda, SST & Srinivas, L, 2011, ‘Antibacterial Activity of Different Extracts of Sundakai (Solanum torvum) Fruit Coat’, Internasional Journal of Biological Chemistry, 5 (1), 61-67.

Surjowardojo, S, Tri, ES & Gabriel, RBS, 2015, Daya Hambat Dekok Kulit Apel Manalagi (Malus Sylvestrs Mill.) terhadap Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas Sp. Penyebab Mastitis pada Sapi Perah’, J. Ternak Tropika, 12 (2), 40-48.

Tamokou, JD, Steve, EE, Abdel, JN, Jules-Arnaud, MF & Irene, CK, 2017, Antibacterial Activities of Methanol Extracts of Carica papaya, Ocimum gratissimum and Solanum torvum Under Normal and Osmotic Stress Conditions, Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medical Research, 4 (2), 1–11.

Ughandar, T, Venkateshwarlu, M, Odelu, G, Rajendra, PB 7 Anitha DU, 2019, Antimicrobial potential and phytochemical screening of leaves and fruits of Solanum thorvum (swartz). A medicinally important plant, International Journal of Life Sciences, No. A 13, 190-195.

Varghese, LS, Ambili, P, Antony, VT, Keerthimol, J & Mayamol MS, 2017, Evaluation of In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Whole Plant (Fruit, Leaves, Stem, and Root) Of Solanum Torvum Swartz, European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research, 4 (1), 546-549.

Ve, ID, Uma, PT, Nagarajaperumal, G & Mohan, S, 2018, Phytochemicals Detection Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity Study on Berries of Solanum Torvum, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11 (11), 418-423.

Vinod, D, 2020, Pharmacological and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies in Solanum torvum Swartz, Plantae Scientia, 3 (2), 10-14.

Yao, K, Bi, TIO, I, Serge, AA, Djeneb, C & Noël1, ZG, 2018, Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Fruits of Solanum torvum Swartz (Solanaceae) on HFF Cells (Human Foreskin Fibroblasts), Asian Journal of Research in Botany, 1 (1), 1-7.